e.coli or escherichia coli produces about 2 million bacteria every 7 hours. bacterial reproduction is strictly asexual, but it can undergo sexual reproduction in very rare cases. genetic recombination in bacteria has the potential to occur through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. in such...
Prokaryotic cells are the unicellular cells that lack a well-defined nucleus, i.e. genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane. These cells are very minute in size \(0.1\) to \(5.0\,{\rm{\mu m}}\). Common prokaryotic cell is a bacterial cell. Our body has over \(100\...
when R<R∗, corresponds to the full transformation of the initially formed ferric oxyhydroxide into GR(SO42−). In the second step, i.e. when R∗<R<2, the precipitation of the excess of FeIIaq present in solution leads to the formation of Fe(OH)2. The (x,R∗) of points ...
Several enzyme systems (with independent enzymes that work together) are in existence in the microorganisms for the degradation of xenobiotics. The genes coding for the enzymes of bio-degradative pathways may be present in the chromosomal DNA or more frequently on the plasmids. In certain microorgani...
This relationship is dependent on influent COD and/or BOD concentration. SRT is now recognized as the most important kinetic parameter for anaerobic digester design and operation because it more accurately defines the relationship between the bacterial system and digester operating conditions as evidenced...
(mechanical, chemical, radiant energy) cannot be changed without some degradation into heat energy. The change of energy from one form to another takes place in such a way that a part of energy assumes waste form (heat energy). In this way, after transformation the capacity of energy to ...