Each domain of data was evaluated using 3D scatterplots and PCA to determine if there were any outliers. Two observations were noted 1) simple dimension reduction of repetitive or redundant measures was not possible and 2) one subject appeared to be an outlier in the covariate data but not in...
Three complementary clustering approaches were used to evaluate if variability related to the immune cells could be characterized as clusters or as a continuum. Large coefficients of variation confirmed the inter-individual variability of immune cells. Considering all subset variations in an overall ...
In statistics, the median of a set of data is the middle value when the data is arranged from the lowest value to the highest value. If we have an even number of values, there will not be any individual "middle" number. In this case, we find...
This model was chosen due to the heterogenous characteristics of the studied populations and exercise tests and due to the large number of outcomes derived from single studies. Outlier detection was performed both manually and via the ‘find.outliers’ function from the ‘metafor’ package [36]....
Human cooperation –sacrificing individual resources to achieve higher collective welfare– poses an evolutionary puzzle in both social and natural sciences: even if selfishness leads to higher evolutionary fitness, cooperation is nevertheless widespread among humans1,2,3. Understanding the cognitive processes...
Determine whether the statement is true or false. The sum of relative frequencies in a distribution always equals 1. a) True b) False Define and give an example of Interval variables. if (1.2, 2.2) is an interval on the number line, find the value that i...
A method is proposed that provides improvements in the accuracy achieved during training and resulting ability of the network to generalize after training. Binary input vectors provided a more accurate model than with scalar inputs and retraining using a small number of the outlier x,y pairs ...
A further approach consists of SEM or optical microscopy image analysis, which allows for the direct measurement of a range of parameters (e.g. pore diameter, area and shape) in a number of 2D sections. The main advantages of this approach consist of both precise visualization at very high ...
Mode of a given data set is the number having highest frequency of occurence. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 7, 3, 9 is a data set and we can see that the frequency of 4 is highest than any other given data. A data set can ...
Additionally, if the material is accumulated through collision with the inclusion surface, we would predict that the growth rate of the inclusion body volume should increase with the surface area, and it should also be modulated by cytoplasmic concentration. We examined the concentration dependence of...