a我们知道他为什么这么生气 we know why he was so angry;[translate] athe market demand faced by retailer i can be expressed as a function of the average retail price X 作为平均零售价x功能,贩商面对的市场需求我可以被表达[translate]
The formula of probabilistic seismic demand can be expressed as (2) where P[EDP > δ|PGA = A] is the probability of exceeding a specified EDP level δ, given as a level of PGA = A. The differential of the ground motion hazard curve, dλPGA (A) = λPGA (A) −...
Therefore, from (46), e∗ can be expressed as a function of p. Before deriving the optimal price p∗, we present the following mild assumptions about y(p,e) and ξ. Assumption 1 The demand function y(p,e∗) is positive and strictly decreasing in p∈[c,p¯]. The elasticity ...
Among them, the participants include the IEO as the leader of the model and the user as the follower, so it can be expressed as: . In this two-layer game model, the operators supply the customers with real-time electricity and heat prices, and its strategy is . On the user side, ...
Protesters demand government officials to address various social issues, such as income inequality or racial injustice. These demands can be expressed through demonstrations, petitions, or public statements, aiming to bring attention to important societal matters. 8. Ethical and Moral Expectations: Animal...
Theopportunity cost (economic cost )of any particular decision, such as to produce a given level of output, can be determined by measuring the benefit forgone by not implementing the next best alternative.opportunity cost = accounting cost+ implicit cost ...
The price elasticity of demand is typically expressed as a positive number because:A.both the numerator and the denominator are negative, so the formula yields a positive number.B.the demand curve has a positive slope.C.it’s convenient to use absolute v
The manufacturer’s decision problem is to choose optimal retail price and number of shelf space, so as to maximize its own profit function:Substituting demand function q(p, s) by Eq. (1), the manufacturer’s problem can be re-expressed as follows:(3) Similarly, the retailer’s problem ...
The pivoting spinbot of body length l travels a distance srv along the orbital perimeter during a single rotation, which can be expressed as $$\frac{{2{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\omega _{\mathrm{m}}} = \frac{{2{\mathrm{\pi }}}{{\omega _{{\mathrm{rt}}} \approx \frac{{s_{{\mathrm...
There are several shortcomings related to aggregate demand. First, there is a focus on the quantity of goods and services produced—not the quality or the impact they can have on the quality of living. There may also be inequalities in purchasing power, as income isn't nec...