A general problem in the estimation of structural parameters is the difficulty that arises when both supply and demand parameters must be separately identified from equilibrium data. Equilibrium prices and quantities lie on both the supply and demand functions, and it can be difficult to identify the...
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However, consumer skepticism arises due to a lack of transparent data on green claims, leading to doubts about environmental benefits4. Uncertainty about environmental claims can reduce consumer enthusiasm for eco-friendly products. If consumers don’t trust manufacturers, they may spend less on green...
Banerjee and Sharma [17] also consider seasonal demand function with an option of alternative market where demand arises in two different markets at different points of time. Bitran and Mondschein [3] study pricing policies for selling seasonal products in retail stores. For announced discount ...
This demand destruction is worse than it was during the depth of the Financial Crisis as millions of people lost their jobs and mortgages blew up, and 2024 is the second year in a row, all because prices are too high. High prices destr...
In this context an issue arises whether countermeasures should be available where there is a failure to provide satisfaction as demanded by the injured State, given the subsidiary role this remedy plays in the spectrum of reparation. 在这一背景下产生一个问题:如果受害国提出的要求得不到满足,鉴于...
Nevertheless, in the presence of peak requirement over numerous consecutive time steps, the competitiveness proportion is unlimited and the worst-case scenario arises. In this paper, we introduce a novel randomised online algorithm for peak shaving enhanced using a machine-learned advice, named AMPA...
of supply & demand and arises from flawed or defective processes, systems and people. In contrast, disruption risks are usually natural disasters (e.g. tsunami, floods) and man-made risks (e.g. war or economic crisis). In principle, disruption risks are uncontrollable and have a far more ...
4.1 Diagonal restriction on As with all Bayesian regression models, a computational bottleneck arises in invert- ing the posterior precision matrix (X˜ X˜ + −1 ∗ ). This especially true for Bayesian SUR models since the design matrix X contains p stacked copies of the multivariate ...
This issue arises from the presence of symmetric unobserved product differentiation (SUPD) in logit errors. Logit models inherently assume that the introduction of an additional product merely contributes one dimension to the SUPD space with minimal congestion effects. Consequently, the price coefficient ...