Instead of accepting their uniqueness and true personalities, ABA is trying to “normalize” autistic individuals and force them to conform to intolerant societal standards. Conclusion Positive consequences are rewards for behavior that is desirable or based on socially acceptable standards. Behaviors that...
Noncontingent reinforcement:When a behavior reinforcer is provided regardless of the actions of the subject, and often prior to the behavior occurring to prevent its occurrence, such as when a teacher gives students 20-minute movement breaks to prevent the likelihood of poor behavior throughout the ...
An example of response substitution is getting a dog to stop barking incessantly. For response substitution to work, the individual could offer the dog praise and treats for being quiet. The dog could be counter conditioned with positive reinforcement for being quiet and not barking at every sound...
In other words, operant conditioning entails positive and negative punishment techniques in which consequences modify human behavior. Punishment is disciplinary and usually entails taking away something a student likes or adding something a student does not like. Reinforcement involves some sort of reward...
In many cases, however, behaviors are reinforced only some of the time, which is termed partial or intermittent reinforcement. Reinforcement may also be based on the number of responses or scheduled at particular time intervals. In addition, it may be delivered in regularly or irregularly. These...
Initially tokens are awarded frequently and in higher amounts, but as individuals learn the desirable behavior, opportunities to earn tokens decrease. (The amount and frequency of token dispensing is called areinforcementschedule.) For example, in a classroom, each student may earn 25 to 75 tokens...
Rather, he argued on practical and ethical grounds that behavior should not be reduced in this way because there are better alternatives (e.g., positive reinforcement)” (p. 194). Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of negative and positive punishment on clinical populations (Lerman & ...