and the academic study of international relations came to be regarded as the handiwork of starry-eyed peace visionaries who ignored the hard facts of international politics. In particular, scholars of international relations were criticized for suggesting standards of international conduct that bore little...
and Croatian were also given official status. Some scholars hoped todifferentiateMontenegrin from Serbian by adding two or three new letters to the alphabet for specifically Montenegrin consonants, but those are not widely used. In practice, Montenegro’s vocabulary is that of Serbia and Cyrillic wri...
The doctrine of nullification expresses the theory that the United States—and thus the federal government—were created through a “compact” agreed upon by all of the states, and that as creators of the government, the states retain the ultimate power to determine the limits of that government...
Many constitutional scholars consider Scalia to have been the Court’s most persuasive voice of the “strict constructionists,” justices who believe it to be their sworn duty to interpret the law rather than make it. In some of his most influential opinions, he railed against the “living con...
An explanation for the discrepancy, with some scholars proposing Smart Mixes as a solution, while others challenge the logic behind them, might be that the description of Smart Mixes in the UN guiding principles (UNGPs) “as an intelligent mix of national and international, binding and voluntary...
2.Qibla- a small terrorist group of Muslims in South Africa formed in the 1980s; was inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini to create an Islamic state in South Africa act of terrorism,terrorism,terrorist act- the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to ...
This definition has been adopted by a number of other scholars as well (e.g., DeSantola and Gulati, 2017; Duruflé et al., 2017; Gulati and DeSantola, 2016; Belitski et al., 2023; Denney et al., 2023). Scale-ups are indistinguishable from HGFs in this definition. Some scholars ...
AlthoughFranceafter theFrench Revolution(1787–99) is often cited as the first nation-state, some scholars consider the establishment of theEnglish Commonwealthin 1649 as the earliest instance of nation-state creation. Since the late 18th century the nation-state has gradually become the dominant veh...
Theelectionof 1860 is regarded by most political observers as the first of the country’s three “critical” elections—contests that produced sharpyetenduring changes in party loyalties across the country. (Some scholars also identify the 1824 election as a critical election.) It established the ...
Combinations of national and international, hard and soft powers, known as Smart Mixes, have been proposed as a way for governments in consumer countries to influence the behaviour of supply chain actors who operate outside their jurisdiction. However, the Smart Mix concept has not yet been preci...