This paper provides economic estimates of the energy-related climate damages of mining Bitcoin (BTC), the dominant proof-of-work cryptocurrency. We provide three sustainability criteria for signaling when the climate damages may be unsustainable. BTC mining fails all three. We find that for 2016–...
multi-regional approach will be necessary to account for the varying ability of different regions to fund these projects, and identify regions that require external support because their debt-to-GDP ratio and credit ratings shift as climate-induced damages accelerate. This links strongly to the clima...
To say that actual proof of loss is not required, but some loss must be proved nonetheless is to walk a fine line. The statement is in fact slightly circular. To inquire into loss is to necessarily require proof of loss. It is arguable that freedom of contract must extend to being able...
These results indicated a possibility that quantitative as well as qualitative estimation of 纬-ray-induced DNA damages can be made by this method which does not require the functional selection based on a specific target gene.doi:10.1016/0165-7992(92)90058-PY. Kubota...
Liquidated Damages in a contract is a provision that determines the sum to be paid as damages for the party’s breach. With these damages, one benefit is that there is no need to prove the actual loss. This is because the clause specifies the estimation of damages in advance. ...
This would require a concerted effort for the detailed classification of building exposures and vulnerability models. This study presents the design and efficacy of flood-vulnerability models for structural building types. The study uses an empirical approach, with data gathered from survey questionnaire,...
and its end level (Eq. (5) and Supplementary Table3). This is closest to the definition of “climate impact attribution” as defined in Ch18 of the WGII contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR523that would require the comparison of observed damages to damages...
For this, we take into account that the estimated relationship has not changed over the past decades and that it only applies where the fundamental dynamics resembles the one during the estimation period. These two aspects imply that, in order to disentangle productivity losses from growth effects...
the total mortality cost of PM2.5pollution, and omits the effects on SOA from other precursors such as NOxand effects of VOC emissions. The morbidity effects of PM2.5and the health effects of other pollutants such as ozone are not included, which would require the development of state-specific...
The leading edges of wind turbine blades are adhesively bonded composite sections that are susceptible to impact loads during offshore installation. The impact loads can cause localized damages at the leading edges that necessitate damage tolerance assessment. However, owing to the complex material combi...