The higher temperature of the liquid working fluid entering inlet 174d, measured by temperature sensor 123, in combination with the temperature of the EGR exhaust gas acts to quickly convert the liquid working fluid into a vapor, which proceeds through outlet 174f to conduit 80 and then ...
sensor22can be further based on the application of the air-to-fuel ratio difference to a three-way catalyst model228that models the behavior of the three-way catalyst220. The air-to-fuel ratio of exhaust gas downstream of the three-way catalyst can be determined by an air-to-fuel sensor...