Significant transformations took place in Western Eurasia during the transition from the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) to the Upper Palaeolithic (UP) (henceforth the Transition). Between∼50 and∼40 calibrated thousand years before present (cal kyr BP),Homo sapiens(H. sapiens) of African origin repla...
Lava tube caves originate very quickly in geology and remain very close to the surface, usually a few meters deep throughout their length [31]. This is the start point for their ecological succession, erosion, and final destruction due to collapse or to clay silting; this happens in a much...