The term “parenteral” as used here includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial and intra-tracheal injection, instillation, spray application and infusion techniques. Parenteral formulations may be administered intravenously, either in bolus form or as a constant infusion, or ...
Complex inflammatory cascades, like the complement, coagulation, as well as the plasma kallikrein-kinin system, are then activated when blood flow is restored, leading to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Tourniquet-induced IRI is manifested in edema formation, loss of muscle viability and apoptosis...
Almost 10 years ago, it was reported that in transgenic mice in which plasma levels of HDL were two-fold higher, the increase in plasma levels of TNF-α as well as mortality caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were significantly reduced (6). Subsequently, it has been demonstrated ...