For oil analysis, the spindle was a SC 4–27, with rotational speed between 10 rpm and 220 rpm. Viscosity was obtained for each temperature by linear adjustment in shear stress graphs Pa vs shear rate (s−1).
Heavy oil is generally any crude oil with an API gravity ranging from about 11° to 20° at standard conditions and with a gas-free viscosity ranging from about 100 to 10,000 centipoises (cp) at original reservoir temperature. Ultra heavy oil, such as tar sand oil, also known as bitumen...