Early in these developments, however, Hume [1739; 1748, p. 115] recognized that the definition of “cause” implicit in much usage carried the seeds of intractable underdetermination or, as known in statistics, nonidentification; that is, observation alone could not determine or identify whether ...
High-cardinality (nominal) categorical covariates are challenging in regression modeling, because they lead to high-dimensional models. For example, in generalized linear models (GLMs), categorical covariates can be implemented by dummy coding which results in high-dimensional regression parameters for hig...
This term can be made small by using a function of small magnitude, typically meaning that the function does not predict the potential outcomes well. The third term is the cross term discussed in the previous section. The balance–robustness guarantee (γz, γx) determines the tradeoff between...
In epidemiology and clinical research, there is often a proportion of unexposed individuals resulting in zero values of exposure, meaning that some individuals are not exposed and those exposed have some continuous distribution. Examples are smoking or alcohol consumption. We will call these variables...
the change in relationship between variables due to normalization (Supplementary Table6–7) is small relative to the change in relationship when normalizing residuals (Supplementary Table2and4). In contrast, regressing covariates after normalization will leave no correlation between the variables, meaning...
Behavior that is measured in an experiment is called the ___. (a) independent variable (b) random variable (c) experimental variable (d) dependent variable. Explain the meaning of the concept: "Sometimes the researcher cannot assign some variables." Describe the ...
(the fact that students are nested in schools, meaning that students within the same school tend to be more similar to each other than students from different schools) when estimating VA scores, we decided to use multilevel models rather than linear regression models. Furthermore, in a study ...
As was the case with the R function ancmg1, the results for the first covariate point are returned in the R variable $points[[1]], the results for the second covariate point are in $points[[2]] and so on. As can be seen, the default is op=3, meaning that multiple comparisons ...
A crucial feature of this kernel is its reproducibility, meaning that (𝐾(𝑥,·),𝑓(·))Ω=𝑓(𝑥) for any 𝑥∈𝒳 and 𝑓∈Ω; see [13,14]. After embedding the mean functions into the reproducing kernel Hilbert space Ω, we provide an analytical expression for the maximum ...
Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the full sample. 5.2. Methodology In order to study the influence of the ECB’s expansionary monetary policy as well as main macroeconomic factors and a sentiment indicator on eurozone market returns (RET), we conducted a panel data regression analysis. More...