European countries have some of the highest tax revenues, relative to their economies, in the world. Amongst the G20 economies, the top three by tax-to-GDP ratio all belong to the European Union, and the fourth (the UK) only left the collective in 2020. RankG20 MemberRegionTax-to-GDP...
The economy of Kiribati is characterized by a large public sector and the lack of a strong private sector. This may come at no surprise given the nation's large government spending to GDP ratio. Real GDP per capita has changed very little since the country's independence in 1979.3That...
Tax ReformTax RevenueTrade opennessThis article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue-to-GDP ratio) depends on the degree ...
For the selection of financial development structure indicators, Zhou and Lu (2019) adopted the stock market value, the balance of bank loans, the ratio of venture capital to GDP. Ying and Ning (2022) replaced the whole capital market with the stock market and measured the financial structure...
Persistence in the private debt-t -GDP ratio: evidence from 43 OECD countries This paper investigates the degree of persistence of the private debt-to-GDP ratio in 43 OECD countries by estimating the fractional integration parameter ... GM Caporale,LA Gil-Alana,M Malmierca - 《Applied ...
12 The lagged level of the government debt-to-GDP ratio is also included, as a high debt ratio makes contractionary fiscal policies more likely (Eyraud et al., 2017). Xi,t also includes political-economy variables considered in the literature, namely an election variable capturing the impact ...
Definition: Purchasing power parity conversion factor is the number of units of a country's currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States. The ratio of PPP conversion factor to market exchange rate is...
government debt does not affect economic growth at all. And research by the International Monetary Fund shows that there is an optimal debt ratio between the GDP growth of the different countries and their governments' sovereign debt. According to this study, if debt reaches the optimal ratio, ...
Short-term debt to reserves Government Government spending, percent of GDP Government spending, in dollars Fiscal balance, percent of GDP Government debt Tax revenue Commercial tax rate Tax preparation time Number of taxes Taxes on goods and services ...
the interaction between the progressivity of tax and transfer policies and income distribution is complicated by a set of factors that are unique to developing (and transition) countries, which, in gen 16、eral, have a number of weak fiscal features: a low tax-to-gdp ratio, reflecting poor ...