Table 13. Energy intensity, CO2 eq emissions kg/kg, and the cost of concrete mixes used in this investigation. Concrete mixEnergy intensity[MJ/m3]CO2 eq emissions[kg/m3]Price[£/1 m3] M9 2465 379 436 M9-PP 4194 415 491 M9- glass 3671 387 693 M9-PVA 5091 423 1513 M10 2557 370 ...
In a CE study assessing the residents’ values of an urban stream, Bae (2011) used a concrete-encased stream or a natural-state stream as the natural attribute levels, and a recreational area with a walkway and facilities, a recreational area with a walkway, or no recreational area as the...
concrete Grade 40 m3 1,000.00 980.00 990.00 1,020.00 Sawn formwork m2 140.00 135.00 137.00 145.00 Deformed high yield steel bar reinforcement kg 8.00 7.80 7.90 8.20 105 mm Solid concrete block wall m2 155.00 150.00 152.00 155.00 Mastic asphalt roofing overall 20 mm thick (2-coat work) m2 ...
Type Asphalt concrete Bituminous Granular: CBR ≥ 30 Granular: CBR ≥ 15 Thickness 6 cm 15 cm 30 cm ≥35 cm The SN remained approximately equal to 5.3 from 1998 to 2003, taking into account periodic road maintenance works that took place after road construction in 1980–85...
infrastructures Review Sustainable Assessment of Concrete Repairs through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Neel Renne 1,* , Patricia Kara De Maeijer 1 , Bart Craeye 1,2 , Matthias Buyle 1,3 and Amaryllis Audenaert 1 1 Built Environment Assessing Sustainability...
concrete bags (C325): This cost is estimated by considering the number of TECs installed, the amount of special concrete bags per TEC, NBG, the cost per kg of the concrete Energies 2017, 10, 1806 8 of 27 contained in the special bags, CBG, in e/kg, and the mass of the concrete ...
Materials that are typically common in buildings comprise concrete, steel, glass (15.9–16.3 MJ/kg), plasterboard (6.1 MJ/kg), and timber (5.18–18.9 MJ/kg). Therefore, the combination of energy intensity and total mass of materials used within the project compute the total embodied energy, ...
Equipment, instrument and tool Ship and aircraft All structure building including a brick building, block building, concrete-ramen building, wooden building, wooden-mortar building Steel frame, Steel-concrete structure, masonry stone structure, all beam structure building Sustainability 2014, 6 164 There...
applied sciences Review A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete Hisham Hafez 1,*, Reben Kurda 2, Rawaz Kurda 3,* , Botan Al-Hadad 4, Rasheed Mustafa 5 and Barham Ali 6 1 Department of Mechanical and ...
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of ceramic versus concrete roof tiles in the Brazilian context. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 89, 165–173. [CrossRef] 12. Cabeza, L.F.; Rincon, L.; Vilarino, V.; Perez, G.; Castell, A. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) ...