The nature (composition) of this radiation remained unknown for many years. We now know that cosmic rays consist of charged particles, namely protons, nuclei, electrons and positrons. To be more precise, the Earth is also bombarded by cosmic X-rays, gamma rays and, undoubtedly, by neutrinos...
Galactic cosmic rays consist of protons, electrons and ions, most of which are believed to be accelerated to relativistic speeds in supernova remnants. All components of the cosmic rays show an intensity that decreases as a power law with increasing energy (for example as E(-2.7)). Electrons...
The travel of primary cosmic rays is controlled bymagnetic fields. A magnetic field is a region where magnetic forces can be felt. It can be thought of as a set of imaginary lines extending through space. None of thesefield linescrosses another. In outer space, where magnetic fields are wea...
Galactic cosmic rays consist of primary and secondary particles. Primary cosmic rays are thought to be energized by first order Fermi acceleration processes at supernova shock fronts within our Galaxy. The cosmic rays that eventually reach the Earth from this source are mainly protons and atomic nuc...
When cosmic rays were discovered during the beginning of this century, they were thought to be all due to electrons.‡ However, subsequent work clearly demonstrated that this was incorrect and that, cosmic rays consist almost exclusively of protons and heavier nuclei. The search for a small flu...
If these rays, as is generally assumed, consist of electrons (not of protons) the great penetrating power raises a serious difficulty in the adopted theory of electronic motion, that is, Dirac's equation. Using this equation, Heitler and Sauterhave shown that a beam of very fast electrons (...
2. Scientific and historical overview 2.1 Basics on cosmic rays and matter interactions GCR consist of roughly 90% protons and 8% helium nuclei with the remainder being heavier nuclei and electrons (Gaisser, 1990). When these particles penetrate the magnetic fields of the solar system and the ...
One of the key problems in the theory of the origin of cosmic rays, which consist of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, is their acceleration mechanism. The issue was addressed by Vitaly Ginzburg and Sergei Syrovatsky in the 1960s when they suggested that CRs are generated during superno...
5.On Earth, most naturally occurring muons are created bycosmicrays, which consist mostly of protons, many arriving from deep space at very high energy. (听力 Z托福-12)您的浏览器不支持 audio 标签。 在地球上,基本上大多数μ子都产生于宇宙射线,而宇宙射线主要由质子组成,许多μ子从外太空中携带着...
The primary forms of ionizing radiation consist of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays. Fairly heavy and high energy, alpha particles have a positive charge. The process of alpha emission can be hazardous to health. This is characterized by a change occurring in the nucleus...