Coronaviruses are large, enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that can be divided into 4 genera: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma, of which alpha and beta CoVs are known to infect humans.1Four HCoVs (HCoV 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1) are endemic globally and account for 10% to 30%...
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly pathogenic viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, COVID-19 has caused global health concern. It is assumed that COVID-19 has zoonotic origin based on the large number of infected people who were exposed to the wet market in Wuhan City...
and the global pandemic Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2). HCov-NL63 Spike Protein (S Protein) is a glycoprotein that mediates membrane fusion and viral entry. As with most coronaviruses, proteolytic cleavage of the S protein generates two distinct peptides, S1 and S2 subunits. The S1 subunit is focus...
Coronavirus is a major virus that primarily targets the human respiratory system and can also affect the central nervous system. It has caused previous epidemics such as SARS and MERS, and the most recent pandemic is COVID-19. It can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and in sev...
Until 2019, six human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been identified, including the two alpha-CoVs HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E and the beta-CoVs HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV)4. All these viruses cause...
Note added in proof: Since this paper was accepted, the ICTV has designated the virus as SARS-CoV-230; in addition, the WHO has released the official name of the disease caused by this virus, which is COVID-1931. Methods Data reporting No statistical methods were used to predetermine sampl...
In humans, infections with the human coronavirus (HCoV) strains HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 usually result in mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold. By contrast, the CoVs responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and...
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Coronaviruses (CoV) are enveloped, single-chain positive RNA viruses constituting a fairly large family. 229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1 species are common in humans, often causing mild to moderate respiratory infections. On the other hand, new coronaviruses have emerged, ...
protein [18]. Both CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell responses have been described in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, with Th1 cytokine production [19]. However, the contribution of cellular immunity to protection against COVID-19 is not entirely clear [19]....
A key unsolved question in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the duration of acquired immunity. Insights from infections with the four seasonal human coronaviruses might reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy individuals for mo...