for example, comparing anomaly patterns and strengths at different levels in the atmosphere where different types of observation provide the principal sources of information. It may alternatively involve evaluating the consistency of a set of estimates, of which a prime example is provided by the rec...
How is a volcano an example of a natural occurrence in which pressures of gases are of major importance? Explain how a dosimeter works. Why does ice float in water even though ice is just melted water? What's the difference between mafic and felsic magma?
An everyday example of forced convection is fanning ourselves to keep us cool in moderately hot surroundings, as shown inFig. 16.11. The term “moderately” is used to highlight forced convection without significant sweating; sweating, which involves evaporation (latent heat of vaporization), is ...
The spatial PSD is regularly used to derive information about, for example, the turbulent structure of the interstellar medium (for example, refs. 34,35) as well as the convective structure of the solar photosphere (for example, ref. 36). The spatial PSD is given by the two-dimensiona...
I will explore some of the subtleties of causation and constraint in Rayleigh-Bénard convection as an example of a complex phenomenon, and extract some lessons for further philosophical reflection on top-down constraint and causation particularly with respect to causal foundationalism.关键词:...
For example, with regard to application in models derived from the Community Atmosphere Model 2, Liu et al. (2005) concluded that the Tiedtke scheme outperforms the Nordeng-Tiedtke scheme because of its ability to trigger convection with low-level convergence. Considering that the ECHAM5 used ...
An example is shown in Fig. 2a, confirming that ⟨TT(t)⟩ and ⟨TB(t)⟩ remain constant and therefore also ⟨ΔT(t)⟩≈0. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 2b, we keep the modulation amplitude AT fixed but increase in steps the modulation frequency, fT. The striking ...
Representing MCSs or other kinds of deep convection in a more appropriate parametrized way has the potential to provide benefits immediately and could, for example, improve the hydrological cycle over regions such as East Asia. Although the explicit convection configuration better simulates the timing ...
(1)) with corresponding reverse transform RWT(aW,b) for both signals (a); example of time shift Δτ+ and Δτ− using Eq. (3) in phase-averaged waveforms (Eq. (2)) for accelerations (b) and decelerations (c) (y+=111.6, β=30.7, high-Re case). Example of the fitting ...
Turbulent convection is characteristic for various natural phenomena on the earth’s mantle1, atmosphere2, oceans3, and stars4, and therefore, any advance in its modeling will improve our understanding of nature, for example, climate. Although all these examples are highly three-dimensional problems...