aGerund, also called as a verbal noun, often serves functionally as a noun but retains some properties of a verb in the original text. However, there is no such linguistic form of -ing in Chinese, so English gerunds are generally converted into Chinese verbs in E-C translation. Here is ...
beingrencan be up to somebody else. Here are two problems with this reading. (i) Confucius’ question “Is beingrenup to oneself, or up to others?” (為仁由己,而由人乎哉?) must then be read, not as a rhetorical question suggesting that beingrenis up to oneself...