Mass transfer is the basic process involved in one group of these separation operations, which are normally referred to as contact equilibrium separations. These equilibrium processes normally include (a) gas absorption such as hydrogenation of oil or carbonation of beverages; (b) liquid-solid ...
An analytical procedure for the frontal process has been developed for the case in which (1) the mobile fluid phase proceeds stepwise from one contacting unit to the next, (2) isotopic exchange equilibrium is attained between the mobile and stationary phases in all the units, and (3) ...
where θ' is the apparent contact angle at equilibrium. Contact angle hysteresis can be measured using two methods based on the sessile drop approach: the tilting plate method, and the addition and removal of liquid method (Zhao and Jiang, 2018). Based on tilting plate method, a large volume...
Then, the charge stored in external capacitor transfers to the main TENG during contact process to reach an equilibrium state, and the charge stored in the main TENG transfers back to the external capacitor correspondingly during the separation process due to the capacitance change of the main ...
the contact force is purely normal to the contact interface. On the contrary, in frictional contacts, in addition to the normal force, lateral shear and frictional forces also act. Apart from the non-frictional contact of two smooth surfaces, frictional contact is a highly non-equilibrium situati...
Figure 2. Equilibrium state for water drop at a hydrophobic surface. γSG=γSL+γLGcosθ The attachment process should be spontaneous for all finite contact angles, but generally a contact angle of at least 20° is required for bubble attachment and flotation. The greater the contact angle, ...
The separation of cupric ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto modified corncobs (hemicellulose-free) was studied. The adsorption process was found to take 15 minutes to attain equilibrium in experiments with continuous agitation at 35掳C. The process was found to be pH-dependent, with ...
It should be noted that the directed percolation (DP) process, a classic non-equilibrium phase transition model29,30,40, has been studied by both supervised and unsupervised learning25. Combining the learning results of the DP and the PCPD models, we can immediately appreciate the value of inve...
process leading to transfer of material. The break of junction may occur in the softer metal or at the interface depending on the shearstrengthof the interface. Larger transfer occurs when the interface is stronger than the softer material. Occasionally the harder material also can get transferred...
Modified rolling resistance linear contact Granular material Satisfying the requirement of local equilibrium Jiang et al. (2005) Hertz contact Granular material Nonlinearity of contact stiffness Tsuji et al. (1992), Agnolin and Roux (2007) Hysteretic contact Granular material Nonlinear visco-elastic elem...