Conversely, if “p” is false, then “q” must be false, and if “q” is false, then “p” must be false. Biconditional statements are often used to express equality, equivalence, or conditions where two statements are mutually dependent for their truth values. Examples: ...
Thinking Mathematically Equivalent Statements, Conditional Statements, and De Morgan’s Laws Equivalent Statements Two statements are “equivalent” if they have the same truth values. A Conditional Statement and Its Equivalent Contrapositive p q ≡ ~q ~p The truth value of a conditional s...
In Section 6, we will use them to clean and process data. Most logical operators, such as checking for equivalence (==), nonequivalence (!=), “not” (!), inclusive “or” statements (|), and finally “and” statements (&) can be applied to both numerical and character objects. ...
Logical equivalence means that two statements are provable from one another, or they have the same truth value. This means that the first statement implies the second statement, and the second statement also implies the first one. For example, if a number is divisible by 14, then it is ...
whereas no truth-operators appear in the statements whose equivalence is at issue. And in the “truth-value-gap” setting we are considering, the truth operator is non-redundant—‘there is no x such that is true that x is P’ does ...
This assignment evaluates to 1, since both statements to the left and right of or are TRUE and therefore the whole expression is TRUE.Mixed Logical ConditionsThe building blocks introduced in the subsections above may be combined to generate more complex logical conditions. These may contain standa...
Modal accounts of qualitative possibility theory involving conditional statements were already proposed by Lewis [1973a] (this is called the VN conditional logic, see [Dubois and Prade, 1998a; Fariñas and Herzig, 1991]). Other embeddings of possibilistic logic in modal logic are described in ...
Strings must be identical in case and length to be considered equal in Python. The string Linode is not the same as linode. a = "Linode" b = "linode" c = "linode" print(a == b) False print(b == c) True These operators can also test collections for equivalence. In this case...
We extend in this paper some of these results, and study other queries which have not been addressed so far, like equivalence, and transformations, like conditioning and variable elimination, thereby contributing to a knowledge compilation map for languages based on conditional preference statements. ...
Conditional Inference and Logic for Intelligent Systems: A Theory of Measure-Free Conditioning This work addresses an anomaly involving probability and logic relative to the interpretation of implicative statements, and the evaluation of those statem... IR Goodman,HT Nguyen,EA Walker - DBLP 被引量:...