The subbase is the main load-bearing layer of the pavement, usually composed of unbound aggregates, while the base and the wearing course are asphalt-bound layers positioned above the subbase. Oxyfuel Combustion process, where fuels are burnt in a nearly pure oxygen environment, as opposed to...
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and availability according to the requirements of a specific project. In general, materials selection refers to materials used in all the functional layers—including the surface layer, base, orsubbase layers. Material selection, however, plays an essential role in achieving thedesired service lifefor...
shape stability and green strength of a freshly extruded layer is essential for successful deposition of subsequent layers. The absorptivity by superabsorbers added to a 3D-printable mixture at a suitable point of the process chain can enhance these properties as well as improve the layer-to-layer...
Along the surface of the reinforcing steel there may be different zones, namely bare steel, steel covered with mill scale or with pre-existing (native) rust layers. Once these zones come in contact with the alkaline pore solution of the concrete, different chemical and electrochemical reactions ...
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The strengthening regime consisted of either two or four FRCM layers. The fabric used was either carbon or polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO). The specimens were designated as X-YZ, where X refers to the strengthening location (sagging (S) or hogging (H) region), Y refers to the type...
Two layers of steel mesh were used with concrete cover of 15 mm and 30 mm c/c spacing between two meshes. A single layer of steel reinforcement was used for the 25 mm thickness series. The 25 mm thickness wall specimens were reinforced by steel bar with diameter ranging from 3 to 4 ...
The specimens were molded and compacted in two layers. In order to minimize the segregation of the mix and separation of water on the top surface, it was decided to use an F2 mix consistency that allows proper compaction of straight-shaped samples, and VMA was admixed. This method of ...
While constructing the structure in a layerwise manner, the bottom layers should have enough early age strength to support the layers at the top. Therefore, at different processes in 3DCP, the rheological requirement is contradictory. As the rheology of the material is the deterministic factor ...