Examples of special cases in which the problem is solvable by linear programming are also given. Finally, some open problems, which need to be addressed in order to identify more closely the borderlines between
Another context in which ill-conditioning arises is the lack of independent learning examples. The case of a linear machine offers an example of such a problem, which is clearly expressed by Eq. (3.4.87). It is not only the case in which det(Xˆ′Xˆ)=0 that creates problems ...
In some cases the ill-posedness of the question is temporary and awaits better instruments, mathematics, or experiments. Such problems may still be studied but need a different approach (e.g., a focus on methods) than well-posed problems. There are a number of central topics or metrics in...
This study is addressed to a broad audience of theoreticians (scholars, students and practitioners) as well as policymakers, managers, and activists. Due to its character – a survey and assessment – it is based on short introductory presentations of the ideas associated with complexity and the...
Within the solution-focused realm, we indeed acknowledge and value the problems presented to us. However, we emphasize the desired future rather than delving into the root cause of complex problems. The latter often proves to be time-consuming, conflict-inducing, and, in intricate scenarios, ...
will discuss the notion of complexity taking examples from the typology of negation. 2. On Complexity Grammatical complexity has recently attracted the attention of a growing number of linguists, and as typologists have also become interested in the ...
Practical problems such as the possibility of multiple models to exist within the same system have been addressed and given solutions from using one common (unified) model in the whole system (also the costs of such a choice are presented) to totally independent models. An algorithm describ...
Problem space complexity is often addressed by the accumulation of design rules. Lack of structure can benefit from the creation of different types of models. This paper describes the task complexity construct and explores—using a mix of theory and examples—its relationship to design. 展开 ...
Since almost all of mathematics is nonlinear, he said, it is like calling an animal a ‘non-elephant animal’. […] Just as almost all mathematics is nonlinear, almost all economic phenomena are complex, and a discussion of which problems are illuminated by complexity economics is silly. A ...
This paper deals with the complexity analysis of several energy-oriented single-machine scheduling problems addressed in the literature. The considered machine may be in different states: OFF, ON, Idle, or in transitions between them. The energy consumption of the machine at each time-slot is sta...