The direct generation of electricity from the most abundant renewable sugar, glucose, is an appealing alternative to the production of liquid biofuels and biohydrogen. However, enzyme-catalyzed bioelectricity generation from glucose suffers from low yields due to the incomplete oxidation of the six-carbo...
For all of the above reasons, glucose,provides a good potential biofuel for energy conversion. One key to efficient use of this substrate as a fuel is our ability to completely oxidize glucose to CO2 and utilize all of the energy provided us by this molecule. In order to do so, this ...
To complete the DLA biosynthetic pathway, we addressed the oxidation of agroclavine to DLA. This two-step oxidation was proposed to be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenase, clavine oxidase (CloA)27, though the mechanism of the reaction has yet to be biochemically characterized...
To optimize the P450 oxidation efficiency, we opted for the introduction of a membrane steroid-binding protein (MSBP) to act as a scaffold for co-localization of the P450s. Despite their spatial proximity on the ER membrane, cytochrome P450s do not directly interact with each other. In plants...
One of the most unique roles of carnosine is exhibited in the muscle cells. It acts as a buffering agent to maintain muscle functions. Before diving into the science behind carnosine, it’s first important to understand how the body processes glucose—the primary source of energy. Glycolysis Th...
It is the process of obtaining energy (ATP) by complete oxidation of the food (glucose) inside the bacterial cells. Here, glucose completely breaks down into carbon dioxide and water releasing a large amount of energy. Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic respiration. ...
In the aerobic pathway, the critical step in the degradation of purine bases is the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, catalyzed by xanthine oxidase and/or dehydrogenase. The various purine-degradative pathways are unique and differ from other metabolic pathways because they may ...
Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a thermophilic filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic (FAP) bacterium, and can grow phototrophically under anaerobic conditions or chemotrophically under aerobic and dark conditions. According to 16S rRNA analysis, Chloroflexi sp
Monascus has been used to produce natural colorants and food supplements for more than one thousand years and approximately more than one billion people eat Monascus-fermented products during their daily life. In this study, using next-generation sequencing and optical mapping approaches, a 24.1-Mb ...
Cell polarization using Transwell is a common method employed to study renal tubular epithelial cells. However, this conventional protocol does not precisely recapitulate renal tubular epithelial cell phenotypes. In this study, we simulated renal physiol