However, this is commensurate with the definition of these liquidity metrics, as a larger effective spread signals a greater price discrepancy between quoted bid and ask prices. This suggests that greater liquidity in the market will have a positive effect on returns. Our findings are in agreement...
The statistics show that the US, Dutch and German markets are by far the most liquid with average bid–ask spreads below 10 bps. In Italy spreads average at around 0.15%. Greece, Portugal, and Ireland show the highest bid–ask spreads with values above 1%. The first differences of the ...
Table 1. Descriptive statistics for advertising data. Empty CellAverage value market shareAverage number of adsAverage advertising frequency (in weeks)Average weekly ad spending (in €)Average weekly ad spending only when spending (in €) Mean 0.07 7.5 84 209,265 412,447 Std. deviation 0.05 5.4...
Business archetypeDefinition Organizations Administrative and functional structures Parties Identifiable, addressable entity that may have a legal status and that normally has autonomous control over (at least some of) its actions. People Human beings. Preferences Choices of (or liking for) something, ...
The thickness of the edges in the networks is not comparable between different methods but does indicate the relative degree of the banks within the same network. The figures are drawn by Pajek. Table 2. Summary statistics of weighted degree measures across banks during 2007Q1 and 2016Q4. ...
In this research, two liquidity/illiquidity estimates using daily data were calculated: the modified version of the Amihud (2002) illiquidity measure and the modified version of daily turnover. Details are presented in Table 2, but they need some comments. Table 2. Definition of liquidity estimate...
The definition of the different cases considered regarding the degree of commonality and the specificities of the fleet are given in Section 2. Section 3 describes the performance and cost models used for each of the components, as well as the overall structure of the optimization scheme. Section...