The urothelium secretes immunoglobulins as necessary (e.g., to protect against ascending infection). Interpretation of the significance of protein in urine depends on the USG. For example, mild 1+ proteinuria with USG of 1.010 implies greater protein loss than 1+ protein in a sample with USG...
Similarly,light sources have colorsthat are defined by the wavelengths they produce. A helium-neon laser emits pure red light. In fact, the phrase “pure red light” is defined by having a sharp constrained spectrum, a characteristic of laser light. The Sun produces a broad yellowish spectrum,...
Deep within the sun’s core, temperatures exceed ten million degrees Celsius, which is where hydrogen undergoes nuclear fusion to produce helium, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This energy then travels outward, through hundreds of thousands of kilometers of hot gas, eventually reaching the ...
This study presents a method for precisely creating single divacancy arrays in 4H-SiC using a focused helium ion beam. Photoluminescence tests reveal consistent emission with minimal linewidth fluctuations (50 MHz over 3 h). By measuring the ionization rate for different polytypes of divacancies, we...
Giant planets have preserved their primary atmospheres, dominated by hydrogen and helium and enriched by heavier volatiles (cosmogenically common elements C, O, N, S and others in their reduced and hydrogenated forms). In their case, there is no abrupt discontinuity, i.e., no “surface,” be...
Common astronomical spectroscopy applied to spectral analysis of high refractive index and extremely high resolution. For example, helium is the first element found in the solar spectrum; the chemical elements in the planet can be read by their emission spectrum or absorption spectrum;...
Ultrabroad bandwidths up to 200 THz have also been measured in two-color gas plasma experiments23, bridging quasi-continuously the THz and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Laser-driven THz generation is, however, not limited to nonlinear optics and is now emerging as a ...
An old adage among analytical chemists of a “certain age” is that when you see a color change, you can be sure that it marks a chemical change. While this observation may not be entirely true in every instance, it certainly paid homage to the human eye as the detectorpar excellencein...
white light spectrum hydrogen lamp spectrum helium lamp spectrum lithium lamp spectrum mercury lamp spectrum hydrogen absorption spectrum Spectra provide “fingerprints” of atomic species, which can be used to identify atoms across the universe!
The PL emission of the VSi under the same characterization setups, obtained from another SiC sample23 helium-ions-implanted with an energy of 30 keV and a dose of 5 × 1017 ions/cm2, was compared to support the origin of the PL from the laser-written area. In addition, the fs...