The six major classes of compounds of coal-tar creosote include: aromatic hydrocarbons, tar acids/phenolics, tar bases/nitrogen-containing heterocycles, aromatic amines, sulfur-containing heterocycles, and oxygen-containing heterocycles (Table 8.1). In Canada and the European Union, there is restricted...
The provision of electric power is one of the prerequisites of prosperity; there is strong correlation between electric power-generating capacity and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) (Fig.1) [8]. Across the world, economic indicators signal that there will be continued growth and increased...
Statistical analyses indicated that lead was positively correlated with sulfur and primarily occurred in the form of sulfides (Finkelman1994), including pyrite (Wang et al.1997,2007; Wu and Zhou2004; Wu et al.2004) and galena (Ren et al.2006). The lead content of pyrite in coal was as h...
China is a major coal-producing country that consumes large amounts of coal every year. Due to the existence of many small coal kilns using backward mining methods, numerous worked-out areas have been formed. The coal mines were abandoned with no mitigat
In some variations, the invention provides a process for producing furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and/or levulinic acid from cellulosic biomass, comprising: fractionating the feedstock in the presence of a solvent for lignin, sulfur ... Theodora RETSINA,Vesa PYLKKANEN,Kimberly NELSON,... - US...
The extent of these increases is dependent on the design of the OFA system and fuel properties. Waterwall wastage can also oc- cur with the extent dependent on factors such as degree of staging, unit aerodynamics, heat release rates, coal compo- sition (high versus low sulfur), UBC, and ...
China is rich in CBM resources, most of which are characterized by high ground stress and low permeability (Yuan et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009; Pan and Connell, 2012; Chatterjee and Pal, 2010). CBM extraction is difficult under these conditions, especially for a single coal seam and...
weathered zones and well-developed vertical tensile cracks filled with mud and pyrite films (Wardell1991). The iron disulfide minerals such as pyrite (FeS2) and less commonly marcasite (FeS2) are the principal sulfur-bearing minerals in bituminous coal (Davis1981; Hawkins1984). Hence, because of...
Locally mined superhigh-organic-sulfur (SHOS) Raša coal is a unique variety compared to other coal types worldwide based on its anomalously high levels of S, Se, and U [5]. The whole local area (about 600 km2) has experienced damaging environmental impacts of SHOS Raša coal due to...
In recent years, the proportion of open-pit mining in the world’s mining industry has been increasing, resulting in a large amount of waste and causing a series of environmental problems, such as the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue [1], release of excessive soil heavy metals [2], ec...