The CO2 emission factors for natural gas (0.2 kg CO2/kWh) is obtained from the Swiss national inventory report (FOEN, 2023) and the CO2 emission factor for electricity generation is assumed to be 0.12 kg CO2/kWh (Krebs and Frischknecht, 2021). The current CO2 levy of 120 CHF/tonne CO2...
Conversion factorPrimary energy factorCOPrimary energyEmissionsElectricityHeat pumpElectric vehicleBuilding energy performanceEuropePrimary energy factors and CO2intensities are crucial but contentious parameters.The calculation and use of these 'conversion factors' is systematically reviewed.Across 110 recent ...
We will continue to rely on thermal electricity for a long time to come, despite the energy system's capacity and share of renewable energy sources having rapidly increased over the past decade to sustain a growing economy. Therefore, constant efforts to lower the quantity of greenhouse gases in...
Contour lines depict the turnover frequency for CO2to CO conversion from the descriptor-based kinetic model as a function of PZC and CO adsorption energy (relative to CO gas and without ZPE, free energy and gas corrections). Solid contour lines represent iso-lines of the absolute value of the...
Table 1. Average CO2 emission factors of electricity for the years 1995–2015. Year Hydro Power (%) Thermal Power (%) Nuclear Power (%) Wind Power (%) Solar Energy (%) Other (%) Standard Coal Equivalent (kg/kWh) Emissions Factor of Electricity (tCO2/tce) 1995 18.54 80.18 1.28 0.00 ...
Calculated using a factor of 0.4798 tons-CO2/MWh for 15 years by Bridgestone Asia Pacific Technology Center Co., Ltd. Electricity handled through the power system used to generate electricity at power generators, transform this electricity, and transmit and distribute it to users. ...
Here, Power to X (PtX) provides a potential solution that enables the conversion of electricity to chemical energy carriers, and combining it with Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) represents a critical technology to supply carbon-based energy carriers (e-fuels) for reaching the 2050 net zero...
(4) to (6) where Tci, Pci, ωI and nc are, respectively, critical temperature, critical pressure, acentric factor for component i, and the number of components. Kij represents the binary interaction parameter (BIP) for species i and j which is symmetric, can be used as zero i...
Cement production generates large amounts of carbon dioxide, including that directly released from the calcination of limestone, the burning of fossil fuels during high-temperature calcination, electricity consumption, and emissions from the transportation and processing of raw materials4. The global ...
First, photocatalysts and electrocatalysts can facilitate the electron transfer process during the reaction, providing the energy required to activate CO2 molecules through light energy or electricity. Electrocatalysts can reduce the activation overpotential required for reactions. Second, the photocatalysts and...