we proposed an assessment method based on the IPCC definition of vulnerability. The exposure to future climate was characterized using a moisture index (MI) that integrates the effects of temperature and precipitation
large-scale structures based on biospheres or ecological systems exist, such as the frankfurt biosphere model established based on the carbon equilibrium structure; the lund-potsdam-jena dynamic global vegetation model, which assesses ecological system dynamics, plant geography, and land field carbon ...
In fact, almost all ToE studies have focused on only the high-emission scenario to obtain robust ToEs of climate change, and these studies constrained the definition of ToE to denote permanent exceedance; i.e., under this assumption, the change magnitude will not fall within the reference ...
We developed standardized criteria for judging the validity of projects to monitor PGD by following a published definition of genetic monitoring34 and by defining a decision tree (Extended Data Fig. 9). Each submitted project was assigned using computer-generated pseudo-random numbers to 2 of 14 ...
The role and maintenance of core members of host microbiomes remains a research frontier, and we hypothesize a trade-off between immune complexity and abundance of core microbes defined specifically at the strain level (Table1). A preliminary analysis based on a permissive definition of core bacter...
This chapter deals with climate-related changes in the marine ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is often described as one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. It has a unique combination of oceanographic, climatic, and geographic feat
According to the extended definition provided by the World Bank's Development Indicators, the agricultural sector encompasses not only the cultivation of crops and livestock production but also includes forestry, hunting, and fishing activities. As such, this scholarly article’s references to the agric...
Box 1 Definition of climate events Marine heatwave Persistent anomalously warm waters for at least 5 consecutive days. El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSO is the strongest year-to-year climate variability on the planet, originating in the equatorial Pacific Ocean through coupled ocean-atmosphere interac...
Economic costs of climate change are conventionally assessed at the aggregated global and national levels, while adaptation is local. When present, regionalised assessments are confined to direct damages, hindered by both data and models’ limitations. T
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