Uremic manifestations in patients with CKD stage 5 are believed to be primarily secondary to an accumulation of multiple toxins, the full spectrum and identity of which is generally not known. Metabolic acidosis in stage 5 may manifest as protein-energy malnutrition, loss of lean body mass, and...
Protein energy wasting (PEW) is a major challenge in CKD. Objective: To assess PEW in predialysis patients on their first visit to a nephrologist. Methods: Three day dietary intake of 484 CKD stage 3 patients was taken. Appetite was assessed with ADAT. Patients were divided into groups ...
CKD 患者由于其血流动力学及水盐代谢紊乱，易合并心力衰竭[4]。氨基末端B 型钠尿肽原（N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide ，NT-proBNP ）作为心力衰竭的生物学指标已在临床广泛应用[5]。本研究拟探讨血清NT-proBNP 对老年CKD 合并慢性心力衰竭（chronic heart failure ，CHF ）患者中的变化及临床意义。1...
Although, serum creatinine levels are being used as a biochemical parameter for GFR estimation and ultimately classification of the CKD stage, when it is used as a single parameter for diagnosis, it underestimates the presence of CKD at stage 3 or greater among older adults4. Therefore, we ...
Protein-energy malnutrition Loss of lean body mass Muscle weakness Signs of alterations in the way the kidneys are handling salt and water in stage 5 include the following: Peripheral edema Pulmonary edema Hypertension Anemia in CKD is associated with the following: Fatigue Reduced exercise...
However, not all therapeutic renal diets are created equal. In a study of 20 cats with early-stage CKD,6researchers compared two therapeutic diets to manage kidney function over six months. Cats on the control food experienced significant weight (13 percent) and muscle (11.1 percent) loss. Cat...
C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EPO, erythropoietin; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; F/U, follow-up; GI, gastrointestinal; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Hct, hema...
Excess mortality occurs across the full spectrum of CKD stages and those with a CKD diagnosis have a greater probability of dying than developing end-stage kidney disease [4]. Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains a leading cause of death in CKD patients, who experience a high burden of ...
The anemia should be evaluated independently of CKD stage in order to identify any reversible process contributing to the anemia. The causes of acquired anemia are myriad and too many to include in a guideline such as this. A comprehensive list of causes and the approach to diagnosis can be ...
Although AKI is caused by numerous pathogenic factors, cell damage can induce inflammatory cascades that lead to cell death. In the initial stage of injury, some DAMPs (e.g., heat shock proteins and histones) are released to the outside of the cell, which causes tissue-resident cells such ...