Surrounded by large, powerful, feudal-monarchial armies and serf-peasant labor on the farms, the small cities of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and England began politically by establishing a city council made up of representatives of the merchant families. This was similar to Italy, ...
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old place name (in Yan of Warring states, in modern Beijing city)— 厗奚 · 渔阳 Addison, city in United States— 艾迪生 Alamo, city in United States— 阿拉摩 也可见: city名— 市名 · 城名 · 城市名 · 市立名 · 城池名 ·
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women's careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in britain, germany, and the united states Using harmonized longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), and the National...
Tom Scott goes beyond the customary focus on the leading Italian city-states to include, for the first time, detailed coverage of the Swiss city-states and the imperial cities of Germany. He criticizes current typologies of the city-state in Europe advanced by political and social scientists to...
of the medieval towns is that of the rising merchant classes seeking to free their communities from lordly jurisdiction and to secure their government to themselves. Wherevermonarchicalpower was strong, the merchants had to be content with a municipal status, but elsewhere they created city-states....
of Italy. A series of Ostrogoth barbarians succeeded him, but none of these maintained a cohesive "empire" until the Frankish king, Charlemagne, was proclaimed Holy Roman Empire in the year 800 C.E. However, Charlemagne's empire primarily encompassed the lands of modern-day France and Germany...
This paper considers how the foundation of the first universities in Italy affected the emergence of free city-states (the communes) in the period 1000R
44 Dusseldorf, Germany 190.0 128.9 64.3 72.6 60.8 9.6 28.7 32.4 86.4 45 San Diego, CA, United States 189.9 146.4 60.3 67.9 77.9 7.1 34.7 39.3 97.1 46 Liverpool, United Kingdom 189.7 124.2 51.7 78.9 57.3 5.1 33.2 30.2 90.9 47 San Antonio, TX, United States 189.6 160.4 52.2 68.3 58.8 3.9...
Germany; T.Bach Explaining Autonomy in Public Agencies: the Case of Hong Kong; M.Painter, J.P.Burns & W-H.Yee Determinants of Result-based Control in Italian Agencies; D.Barbieri,P.Fedele, D.Gall & E.Ongaro PART III: PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS The Long-run Performance of Decentralized ...