The pathophysiology of hemorrhagic and traumatic hemorrhagic shock has been under study for many years, and the effects are far-reaching on the tissue level, vascular level, and cellular level. On the tissue level, hemorrhage leads to hypovolemia, which in turn leads to reflex vasoconstriction. Th...
After implantation, activation, and weaning of vasoactive therapies, TTE should be performed using the baseline LVAS speed setting and should include all pre-implantation components, LVAS-specific views and measurements (Table 1), and Doppler flow assessments 12, 13. The inflow and outflow cannula ...
We also suggest utilizing both echocardiographic and hemodynamic assessments to guide the process [72]. Parameters to follow include central venous pressure (ideally maintained < 15 mmHg) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure maintained below 24 mm Hg [73] Current literature does not establish ...