"The fallacy of thepetitio principii," says Madsen Pirie, "lies in its dependence on the unestablished conclusion. Its conclusion is used, albeit often in a disguised form, in thepremiseswhich support it" (How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic, 2015). Examples and Observa...
A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of acircular argument. Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful and reveal no information, such as two entries in a book index referring to each other, it is not necessarily so that a circular reference is of n...
Wilson does not accept the dependency conception: “Conceptions of the fallacy formulated in terms of premises being evidentially dependent on the conclusion are too indeterminate to be of much use” (1988: 43). He gives two versions of the dependency criterion for the fallacy of begging the qu...