As shown in the following figure, an operational amplifier (op-amp) in conjunction with a capacitor offers a highly precise means of implementing mathematical integration. In this scenario, we accumulate current over a period, resulting in a generated voltage that represents the integral of that cu...
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Special alkaline battery chargers, often known as patented devices, are available on the market. In actuality, with a charging voltage of 1.7V and a current of 50ma, it's a simple circuit. I created a basic circuit using the partsLM358and TL431 that I had on hand. The charging is ...
Much the same can be done with an inverting op-amp amplifier, using a passive averager as part of the voltage divider feedback circuit. The result is called an inverting summer circuit: Now, with the right-hand sides of the three averaging resistors connected to the virtual ground point of...