Recent progress in genomics has revealed some of the actual genetic mechanisms that create separate sex‐specific phenotypes, and the evidence indicates that thousands of genes across all portions of the genome contribute to male and female forms through sex‐biased gene expression. Related work has ...
The variation and evolution of complete human centromeres A comparison of two complete sets of human centromeres reveals that the centromeres show at least a 4.1-fold increase in single-nucleotide variation compared with their unique flanks, and up to 3-fold variation in size, resulting from an...
Putative deleterious mutations were observed in coding regions of eight investigated genes as well as cis-regulatory regions of two housekeeping genes. In vivo assays characterized a neo-Y insertion in the promoter of the CLTC gene that causes a significant reduction in allelic expression. A neo-Y...
作者: E Therman 出版社: Springer US 摘要: The human male has two sex chromosomes, one X and one Y. The Y chromosome is in the same size range as the two smallest pairs (the G group) of autosomes. However, the following features enable one to distinguish the Y, even with ordinary ...
Image modified from “Karyotype,” by the National Institutes of Health (public domain). The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are generally very similar to one another. They’re the same size and shape, and have the same pattern of light and dark bands, as you can see in the humanka...
(genome size and genome GC proportion), which could be related to the peculiar structure of holokinetic chromosomes8,23. Studies on the genome evolution of animals with holokinetic chromosomes are missing. Therefore, we have also analysed the evolution of fundamental genome parameters in haplogyne ...
Genes and Dev 13: 11-19. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Hirano T (2000) Chromosome cohesion, condensation, and separation. Ann Rev Biochem 69: 115-144. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Hliscs R, Muhlig P and Claussen U (1997a) The nature of G-bands analyzed by chromosome stretching. Cytogenet...
While the chromosomes for other parts of the body are the same size and shape — forming an identical pairing — the X and Y chromosomes have different structures. The X chromosome is significantly longer than the Y chromosome and contains hundreds more genes. Because the additional genes in th...
these sequences cover ~300 kb of validated female-specific (W chromosome) sequence, representing ~1/100,000thof the 32 Gb genome. Notably, a recent duplication ofATRX, a gene associated with mammalian sex-determining pathways, is one of few functional (non-repetitive) genes identified amon...
and suppressing female development28,29,30. PartialARR17-like duplicates have also been found in the Y-linked regions (7Y in theSalix-clade and 15Y in theVetrix-clade) of willows, which can produce sRNAs to suppress the expression of intactARR17-like genes on chromosome 1924. The diploid 15...