water (that exert a demand on the chlorine), concentration ofparticulate matter, pH, temperature, contact time, and the level ofresidual chlorine. The formation of disinfection byproducts including trihalomethanes (THMs) is one of the major concerns with regard to the use of chlorine ...
The chlorine reacts with lignin by substitution of hydrogen atoms for chlorine atoms (particularly on the aromatic ring), oxidation of lignin moieties to carboxylic acid groups, and, to a small extent, addition of chlorine across carbon–carbon double bonds (Fig. 19.7). The substitution reactions...
This is attributed to the through space interaction of halogen lone-pair electrons with the remainder of the molecule. Supporting evidence for this assertion is given by the fact that for X=O (X is Cl, Br) double bonds, where there are fewer halogen lone-pair electrons due to hypervalent ...
The Activation of CarbonChlorine Bonds in Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Chlorides: DMSO-Induced Hydroperfluoroalkylation of Alkenes and Alkynes with Sodium ... 被引量: 0发表: 0年 The activation of carbon-chlorine bonds in per- and polyfluoroalkyl chlorides: DMSO-induced... Investigates the activation...
更新1: Why it is not trigonal planar with each bond angle = 120 ?the lone pair-bond pair repulsion is stronger than the bond pair-bond pair repulsion. consider the central chlorine atom. for its totally 7 valence electrons 3 are used to form Cl-F bonds with fluorine ...
chlorine exists as a greenish-yellow gas that is corrosive and toxic at roomtemperatures. As a halogen, chlorine is not found in the elemental (atomic) state but formsdiatomic gas molecules (Cl2). As a very active negative ion with the oxidation state of -1,chlorine forms bonds with most ...
The bonding state of chlorine in chlorinated cellulosic materials and in chlorine-bleached pulp has been studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Direct evidence of organically-bound chlorine is shown by high resolution Cl(2p) spectra.doi:10.1080/02773819809349589...
. Chlorination rates have been experimentally investigated at temperatures ranging from 4 to 50 °C, where low rates were found at 4 and 50 °C, possibly representing primarily abiotic rates near the temperature extremes, while there was an enzymatic response pattern with a maximum at 20 °C ...
Ab initio and density functional theory calculations have been carried out for IOF5 and, together with experimental and ab initio data for the isoelectronic TeOF5− anion, predict that the axial and equatorial I—F bonds of IOF5 are of comparable lengths and the O—I—Feq bond angle is ...
4.6.4 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry Ozone in the stratosphere helps protect life on Earth from damage by solar UV-B radiation (ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths of 280 to 315 nm). When the levels of UV-B radiation at the Earth’s surface increase, so does biological damage; humans are ...