The bottom curve (right scale) is residual lignin after NaOH extraction.After Giertz (1951). The species hypochlorous acid (HCIO) (Fig. 21.1, Volume 1 shows its formation vs. pH) especially contributes to oxidative degradation of the carbohydrates; therefore chlorination is carried out above pH ...
Recently, membrane modules integrated with hydrophobic gas-diffusion layers have emerged as effective tools for gaseous compound extraction (e.g., CH4and H2)34, delivery of CO2and N235, and hybrid processes. When these hydrophobic interfaces operate below their liquid entry pressure, they establish ...
Chlorine concentrations of rhyolitic melt inclusions (MI) from eight different arc volcanoes as a function of H2O concentrations (a proxy for pressure)34,35,79,80,81,82,83,84. Solid curves show,aopen system85andbclosed system86degassing trends calculated using the pressure-dependant\(D_{{\mathr...
for concentrations above the curve while concentrations below the curve will remain in solution. The sodium chlorate solubility has a natural log function predicted by the equation: Y=-23.07 1n(x)+91.84 However, for efficient operation of the process, for example, where sodium is present as the...
The amount of water contacted with the isocyanates via the inert-gas stream is/can be adjusted in conventional manner advantageously by way of the water saturation curve of the inert gas at different temperatures, and is for example 0.5 to 2 mol, preferably 0.8 to 1.4 mol and with particular...
44). The shape of this partition coefficient curve should not vary with depth, because the shape of the S2−–S6+ transition curve is not sensitive to pressure or temperature29,80. An open system degassing model using the extrapolated Cl partition coefficient of 57 shows that exsolving ~2...
These studies were further supported by performance tests (polarization curve measurements) in the presence of reactants (e.g., oxygen), which usually led to the assumption that the addition of Nafion increased the so-called three-phase boundary, where it was assumed that the reaction took ...