IRT is part of modern measurement theory and was proposed to overcome the defects of CTT [30]. It is also called latent trait theory and has advantages in terms of item selection and test construction. It claims that the relationship between subjects’ abilities and their responses to an item...
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a form of heart disease still increasing in frequency. According to the American Heart Association, CHF is the “Disease of the Next Millennium”. The number of patients with CHF is expected to grow even more significantly as an increasing number of the “Bab...
Full size image Population The two NHS hospital Trusts and one Primary Care Trust from which patients were recruited are in the West Midlands, UK, covering a combined multiethnic population of approximately one million with a high incidence of heart disease. Recruited patients had left ventricular ...
chest pain, heart palpitation, fatigue, swelling of ankles, legs, and abdomen, weight gain, need to urinate while resting at night, a dry hacking cough, a full, bloated, hard stomach, and loss of appetite.
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a cardiovascular disease associated with autonomic dysfunction, where sympathovagal imbalance was reported in many studies using heart rate variability (HRV). To learn more about the dynamic interaction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), we explored the directed...