scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the dorsal protrusion along with the location where EDX spectra were taken. The spectra, shown in Fig.6(left panel), show all the elements expected for insect cuticle, including some metals. Calcium is detected only in trace amounts near 0.04 ±...
Chemical Elements 1. Atoms with the same number of protons and the same chemical behavior are classified as the same chemical element.2. Chemical elements are designated by abbreviations called chemical symbols.3. About 26 elements are commonly found in living cells.4. Twelve of those are ...
Continuous evolution can generate biomolecules for synthetic biology and enable evolutionary investigation. The orthogonal DNA replication system (OrthoRep) in yeast can efficiently mutate long DNA fragments in an easy-to-operate manner. However, such a
Nitrogen is one of the most interesting of all chemical elements. It is not a very active element. It combines with relatively few other elements at room temperature. Yet, the compounds of nitrogen are enormously important both in living organisms and in industrial applications. Five of the top...
Libraries of nanocarriers have been generated either by unbiased combinatorial chemistry or by variation and novel combination of known functional delivery elements. As in natural evolution, definition of nanocarriers as sequences, as barcode or design principle, may fuel chemical evolution. Screening in...
Iron,a heavy metal,may be a good example for illustrating the problem of concentration.I t is one of the most frequent elements on earth and can be found in nearly every rock,soil and water,enriched to very high concentrations in iron ores. As a key element in the metabolism of all liv...
On the basis of these observations, a technique is described for rapidly and quantitatively determining the identity, extent, and location of secondary structural elements in proteins based on the simple inspection of the alpha-CH 1H resonance assignments. A number of examples are provided to ...
(0.133 mg mL−1). The presence of Fe (0.021 mg mL−1) and Mn (0.035 mg mL−1), was also demonstrated. However, no presence of toxic elements was found in the extracts. The study also revealed the presence of beneficial elements for plants in the form of Na (32.85 mg mL−1...
Directed evolution emulates the process of natural selection to produce proteins with improved or altered functions. These approaches have proven to be very powerful but are technically challenging and particularly time and resource intensive. To bypass
Previous approaches to designing helical repeat proteins have used fragment assembly methods to assemble repeat units with short loops connecting them9. While these methods can generate considerable diversity, we found that they did not provide sufficient control over backbone positions for designing loop...