Also, unlike ETAC, which is a batch process with thermal swings that require additional thermal energy to heat the hot electrolyte in the transitions from the cold stage to the hot stage7, our process is designed to operate continuously and isothermally (Fig. 1), avoiding this thermal loss ...
In addition to chemical reactions, physical processes that transfer mass and energy bydiffusionorconvectionoccur in gaseous combustion. In the absence of external forces, the rate of componentdiffusiondepends upon the concentration of theconstituents, pressure, and temperature changes, and on diffusion co...
Strontium is a softmetallikeleadand, when freshly cut, has a silvery lustre. It rapidly reacts inairto take on a yellowish colour; therefore, it must be protected fromoxygenfor storage. It does not occur free in nature. Although it is widely distributed withcalcium, there are only two pri...
Compared to chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation is an efficient and environmentally friendly oxidation method with mild reaction conditions that do not require large amounts of corrosive chemicals and harsh reaction environments. In addition, as the electrochemical oxidation reactions occur only on...
Phase transformation and changes in water volume due to freeze/thaw cycles have a detrimental effect on the membrane's lifetime. To avoid this, mitigation strategies have been proposed, including gas purging and solution purging to remove residual water during fuel cell startup and shutdown. ...
the molecules group closer together because of the absence of heat. Though these phase changes require energy to be expelled (exothermic reactions) or applied (endothermic reactions),the number of atoms and the shape of the molecules in the substance remains the same. That's what makes it a ...
Chemical looping reforming (CLR) provides a viable process intensification approach for clean and efficient syngas production from carbonaceous fuel with i
no agglomerations or other undesirable mixing phenomenon occur. Below is a graph that shows the abrasion resistance benefit of using the Andur®Glide LQ 25 in Andur®8-5 APLF and Andur®85 APLF at levels of 2% and 4%. The data demonstrates that from 0 %to 2% the volume loss (AST...
of mass transfer, heat transfer and reaction kinetics. It is the latter that will become a specific focus presented in this chapter, yet it behooves us to start with a reflection on the very description of PRE itself. Some have recently characterized PRE as a mature field and with that des...
occur are too different, resulting in significantly different optimal temperatures for each step. Figure1shows schematised examples of solid intermediates, also known as looping or “carrier” materials, having the capability to exchange oxygen, nitrogen, CO2, and energy with the surrounding ...