In population association studies, standard methods of statistical inference assume that study subjects are independent samples. In genetic association studies, it is therefore of interest to diagnose undocumented close relationships in nominally unrelat
First of all, I would like to emphasize that the statement “biased estimates emerge” is empirically meaningless for a concrete dataset. Bias in parameter estimates can only be assessed if researchers know the truth. That is, they assume a known data-generating model and wish to demonstrate th...