definition of variables energy poverty okushima assesses energy poverty through a direct measure of energy service use, exploring the regional characteristics of energy or fuel poverty in japan through a new methodology. the measure is a calorific relative poverty measure with multiple thresholds ...
What Are Other Terms for Rate of Change? The rate of change may go by other terms depending on the context. When talking about speed or velocity, for instance, acceleration/deceleration is the rate of change. In statistics and regression modeling, the rate of change is defined by the slope...
Please submit math equations as editable text and not as images. Present simple formulae in line with normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of...
The UN Formula of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants in this article is stated with3.83which points to a UAE population number of 12.25m used in the calculation. However, this number is rather around the 9.54m mark (https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/uae-population-statistics/), hence ...
Climate change is a critical factor affecting biodiversity. However, the quantitative relationship between temperature change and extinction is unclear. Here, we analyze magnitudes and rates of temperature change and extinction rates of marine fossils th
(2000) estimate the economic impact of climate variables for each sector in selected countries and then extrapolates the costs to the rest of the countries and adds the estimates of all sectors. Nordhaus (2006), on the other hand, regresses income generated in geographic cells of 1° latitude...
The bidirectional functionQhas values between 3 and 5 sr60and depends on several variables, including inherent optical properties of the water, wavelength, and solar zenith angles60,61. Here for simplicity we assume thatQ = 3 sr (as done in refs.19,43). Secondly, we convert to above ...
In semi-arid regions, interactions between biophysical and socio-economic variables are complex. Such interactions and their respective variables significa
we extract different sets of variables from individuals’ participation in partisan sociopolitical groups28. We then use this information to test three alternative sets of confounders. First,individual political sides: whether each of the two involved individuals participates to a left- or right-wing ...
These variables have been applied to SDMs of bumblebee species in the past39,40,50. Further, annual mean temperature and annual precipitation are among the most representative of climate data since they are not derived from other variables48. General circulation models (GCMs) at 5 arc-minutes ...