The parties to the protocol are meeting in London this week to formalize agreement on the fund and a complete phaseout of CFCs by the year 2000.For the treaty to be effective, the signers recognized that developing nations - whose projected increases in CFC emissions as they industrialize would...
A scenario with future emissions sustained at 10 gigagrams per year (Gg/year) above the baseline WMO (2018) A1 scenario results in minor additional global (90°S–90°N) ozone depletion of 0.13% by 2100, and a 1.5-year delay in the global ozone recovery to 1980 levels, relative to ...
We find that CFC-11 emissions returned to pre-2013 levels in 2019 (5.0 ± 1.0 gigagrams per year in 2019, compared to 7.2 ± 1.5 gigagrams per year for 2008–2012, ±1 standard deviation), decreasing by 10 ± 3 gigagrams per year since 2014–2017. Furthermore, we find that in ...
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The bias implied in year-to-year changes in global emissions derived without considering variability in dynamics is 5 ± 4 Gg yr–1 (1 s.d.) on average through this period, but is as high as 16 Gg yr–1 (WACCM; 9 Gg yr–1 in TOMCAT). By comparison, uncertainties in annual ...
Global CFC production was due to have finally ended by 2010 but countries had been reporting close to zero production of CFC11 since 2006. However, the new analysis claimed that emissions of CFC11 increased from 2014 to 2016 at the rate of about 13,000 tonnes a year. An EIA report due ...
In recent years, the rates of decline of CFC atmospheric concentrations, especially for CFC-11 (CCl3F), are not as large as anticipated under the Protocol, resulting in renewed efforts to estimate CFC consumption and/or emissions to possibly identify new or poorly quantified sources. Abstract...
applications are described: EPA's emissions trading program; the leaded gasoline phasedown; water quality permit trading; the CFC phaseout; the SO 2 allowance system; and the RECLAIM program. Reasons for the limited ... RN Stavins,P Newman,RN Stavins 被引量: 0发表: 2014年 EPA issues an ...
"The commercialization of the new tech is significant to China's pledge in addressing global climate change," Han said. China pledged in 2015 to cut its carbon emissions by 60-65 percent from 2005 levels by 2030.
Average growth rates of 6 ppq per year (1992–2001) and —2.6 ppq per year (2001–2012) were observed. Annual variations can be explained by the comparably short lifetime and the seasonal cycle of the reaction with OH. Until 1991, no significant emissions of HCFC-225ca occurred. Annual ...