. The two most common types of pain referral are neck pain and head pain (headache) arising from the C2-3 Z joints, and neck pain and shoulder pain arising from the C5-6 Z joints (Bogduk & Marsland, 1988). However, other Z joints (C1-C2 and C3-C4) have been implicated in some...
Progressive degeneration of the facet joints is seen, which may lead to facet joint syndrome.56 Radicular pain also may be seen because the lateral nerve roots can become trapped in the intervertebral foramen.57 Traction spurs (usually found anteriorly) are sometimes seen on radiological examination...
Variables evaluated for their association with outcome included age, sex, duration of pain, opioid use, pain referral pattern, paraspinal tenderness, pain exacerbated by extension/rotation, magnetic resonance image abnormalities, diabetes, smoking, scoliosis, obesity, prior surgery, and levels treated. ...
The primary outcome was a finding of chronic pain experienced before new clinical diagnosis of complete SCI, compared with whether or not that pain continued after the SCI injury. The secondary outcome was the relation of persistent pain with opioid use; it was formulated after data collection. ...