As a result of the technological improvements of clinker burning, the specific energy consumption has continuously decreased from the wet process of the long kiln (5000/6000 Mj/t of clinker), semidry process (3300/4500 Mj/t), dry process with a preheater (3100/4200 Mj/t) and the short ...
Another important driving force associated with production expansion for cement consumption in low- and middle-income countries is the rapidly expanding population. 6. Economy and environmental sustainability Employment of LC3 in the construction sector will address all the aspects of sustainability, ...
Water consumption is less, which makes it easy to work with and shape. The strength gained after 28 days is significantly stronger than PC in both compressive and flexural stress. The permeability of blended concrete is low, due to which the life of concrete is extended by reducing the ...
Hydraulic factors, such as water consumption during hydration (self-desiccation), hydraulic conductivity, and pore water pressure as well as the unsaturated state, have a strongly influence on the hydro-mechanical properties (strength, deformation behaviour, and durability) of cement-treated materials. ...
With the annually increased consumption of OPC, there is a strong need for sustainable development [26–28]. To improve the performance of cement-based materials and reduce CO2 emissions, special types of cement were applied as an alternative to OPC in certain situations, in which calcium ...
This consumption of C3A in the presence of CaCO3 retards or stops the conversion of ettringite to monosulfoaluminates. Moreover, study shows that the addition of CaCO3 replaces the sulfate ions in calcium sulfoaluminates and monosulfoaluminates by carbonate ions, further stabilizing the ettringite...
cement; energy consumption; energy reduction; GHGs emission; global warming material substitution Graphical Abstract1. Introduction Cement remains an indispensable basic commodity and a resource of great significance that continues to be a fundamental requirement in our everyday life and therefore affects ...
and 22.27%, respectively. It can be observed that the fixed carbon content decreases at a concentration of 0.1 M, which is attributed to the formation of dihydrate gypsum, causing the consumption of part of the Ca2+and ultimately resulting in a decrease in the total amount of calcium carbonate...