Although features common to cellular and viral genomes are traditionally interpreted as cellular features robbed by viruses, the former examples should make us more cautious. For instance, the cellular or viral origin of systems, such as the modification/restriction systems, the conjugation mechanisms,...
Cell types are composed of cellular modules exerting specific subfunctions. The evolutionary emergence and diversification of these modules can be tracked through the comparative analysis of genomes. Here, we survey recent advances elucidating the origin of neurons, of smooth and striated muscle cells ...
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the “clusterProfiler” R package; a Benjamini–Hochberg correctedP-value < 0.05 was considered significant [24]. For GO pathway enrichment, only “Biological Process” GO term...
Glycosaminoglycans — such as chondroitin sulphate, heparin and hyaluronan — are composed of repeating disaccharides, which are highly negatively charged as they contain carboxyl and/or sulphate groups. Proteoglycans are characteristic components of extracellular matrices and the cell surface. STROMA Most ...
The brown adipocytes contain abundant mitochondria with special expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane to take part in burning excess energy in brown adipocytes to produce heat [8]. Adipose tissues are heterogeneous and are composed of adipose stem and ...
Cellular senescence (CS), a permanent and irreversible arrest of the cell cycle and proliferation leading to the degeneration of cellular structure and function, has been implicated in various key physiological and pathological processes, particularly in
Clusters closely apposed in the resulting dendrogram are referred to in the text as Nodes, owing to the fact that they are composed of clusters co-localized below a branch point, or node. Projecting tumor cells into WT t-SNE To place medulloblastoma cell types in the context of developmental...
R-loops are dynamic triple-stranded nucleic acid structures that form during transcription when a nascent guanine-rich RNA transcript segment invades the DNA template [1]. R-loops, which are ubiquitous in mammalian genomes, participate in multiple biological processes, leading to both positive and ne...
Cell counts are indicated in plots per transcript. Boxplots are as follows: median count of cell population (central mark), 25th percentile (Q1; lower hinge), 75th percentile (Q3; upper hinge), smallest observation greater than or equal to Q1–1.5*interquartile range (lower whisker), and ...
All currently used ACTs are composed of two main components: (i.) fast-acting artemisinin or its derivatives (further artemisinins), mediating the removal of the majority of the parasites during the early stages of the treatment course; (ii.) the long-lasting/acting partner drugs that eliminate...