Proteins are biological macromolecules made from amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids that can be assembled in different orders to produce different proteins. The order of amino acids allows proteins to fold in a specific way giving them a particular three dimensional structure....
Explain how proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum can be secreted into the extracellular environment without ever crossing the plasma membrane. Use the terms rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, lumen, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane in yo ...
Biological Transport, ActiveNeoditrema ransonneti is a matrotrophic viviparous fish. To clarify the site and process of protein uptake in the fetus of N. ransonneti , rabbit IgG and equine ferritin were administered into the ovarian cavity of pregnant females. Both proteins were absorbed by ...
The limited durability of metal-nitrogen-carbon electrocatalysts hinders their use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for the oxygen reduction reaction. Here the authors transform active sites from FeN4 to stable monosymmetric FeN2 + N’2 via chemical vapor modification, resulting in enhanced...
13 We found that boiled TG CM lost its ability to promote cancer cell growth, whereas CM pretreated with DNase and RNase retained its growth-promoting effects (Figures S3A and S3B). Considering that secreted active proteins are more volatile at high temperatures compared with metabolites, we ...
A portion of RNAs and proteins were packed into the intraluminal vesicles through the use of either endosomal sorting complex required for transport dependent (ESCRT) machinery or ESCRT-independent machinery. The endosomes engulf part of the cytoplasm and give rise to an MVB [11, 12]. Exosomes ...
Vesicular material derived from cells expressing viral proteins (virus-like particles) are also used as protein vehicles to elicit immune response4,5,6 or to deliver proteins embedded with a gammaretrovirus structural polyprotein.7 We report here the characterization and the use of another type of...
to control biogenesis, transport, translation, and degradation of bound RNAs5,11. Although large compendiums of RBPs have been inventoried by proteomics (i.e., the RNA interactome12,13), corresponding methods for direct quantification of RNA binding sites on proteins for activity and inhibitor ...
To verify the molecular size of ATF4-HiBiT, we separated each lysate using SDS-PAGE and transferred the separated proteins onto a PVDF membrane. After incubation with rLgBiT and furimazine, specific signals were detected at approximately 55 kDa, and the signal from MG132-treated cells was more ...
(NPC2) proteins are required for cholesterol trafficking from endosome or lysosome to other intracellular compartments25. NPC2, a critical lysosomal cholesterol solubilizing and transport factor, extracts cholesterol from intralysosomal membranes and transfers it to NPC1. Ramirez et al. reported that ...