Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disease, and pathological chondrocytes exhibit ATP and NADPH depletion20and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)21. Chondrocytes with an energy deficit exhibit decreased synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) protei...
For example, PKR is primarily a cytoplasmic protein and RNA back-splicing is a nuclear event. Are the intramolecular RNA duplexes in a circRNA folded immediately after back-splicing in the nucleus or later in the cytoplasm? If in the nucleus, what nuclear proteins are in association with a ...
The nuclear proteins, which include structural proteins of the matrix and lamina, RNA and DNA polymerases, and gene regulatory proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm and brought into the nucleus. Thus, nuclear proteins must pass the double-membrane barrier of the nuclear envelope. The transport...
Cells have been described under the microscope as organelles containing cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, an unnoted structure exists between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In addition to the nuclear envelope, there exists a perinuclear region (PNR or perinucleus) with unkno...
The nuclear matrix is mainly composed of a protein framework (nuclear lamina), which is key to the organization of chromatin and nuclear function. The lamins are type V intermediate filaments (similar to those found in the cytoplasm) that have been specifically targeted to the nucleus. The polym...
issynthesizedby special enzymes that construct a single-stranded RNA chain by using one strand of the DNA helix as a template. Although RNA molecules are synthesized in the cell nucleus, where the DNA is located, most of them are transported to the cytoplasm before they carry out their ...
TIAM1 Antagonizes TAZ/YAP Both in the Destruction Complex in the Cytoplasm and in the Nucleus to Inhibit Invasion of Intestinal Epithelial Cells 结直肠癌中,WNT信号通路的激活是特征之一。科学家们发现,一种叫做TIAM1的蛋白能有效地抑制WNT信号通路效应蛋白TAZ与YAP,从而抑制结直肠癌的进展。有趣的是,这种...
Crisp M et al (2006) Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. J Cell Biol 172:41–53. doi:10.1083/jcb.200509124 Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Cuenca AA, Schetter A, Aceto D, Kemphues K, Seydoux G (2003) Polarization of the C. elegans ...
The extended N-terminal region found in the ADAR p150 isoform serves as the nuclear export signal (NES) and Z-DNA binding domain. Although both ADAR1 p110 and ADAR1 p150 can move between the nucleus and cytoplasm, p110 is predominantly located in the nucleus, while p150 is primarily ...
The nucleus (MN) of the muscle cell is surrounded by sarcoplasm richly provided with glycogen and mitochondria. Columns of myofibrils at the bottom are separated by more sarcoplasm. Arrowheads indicate elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum or T-system. 14,600×. The fibers are unbranched, ...