A cell membrane potential of −90 mV means that the inside surface of the cell membrane is 90 mV more negative than the outside surface of the cell membrane. Polarization is based on a charge separation, so any
PEG has been used previously to decrease the toxicity of cationic PAMAM [51, 52] due to decreased insertion into the membrane and the screening of charges, causing less disruption to the cell membrane. Despite the small number of studies undertaken, surface pressure isotherms of monolayer models...
Using modern microscopy technique gives the possibility to study cell structures, motility of cells and organelles, cell‐cell communication and membrane potential in single cells. Microscopic techniques found important application in biomedical field (e.g., confocal endomicroscopy, oftalmology) [19, 20...
During the process of apoptosis, dying cells actively secret cytokines that act as the “find-me” signal to set up a chemotactic gradient, which recruits engulfing cells to limit local inflammation and clear dead cell debris [39, 40]. In the meantime, apoptotic cells expose PS in membrane ...
Using modern microscopy technique gives the possibility to study cell structures, motility of cells and organelles, cell‐cell communication and membrane potential in single cells. Microscopic techniques found important application in biomedical field (e.g., confocal endomicroscopy, oftalmology) [19, 20...
Furthermore, induced polymerization of the MLKL N-terminal domain (NTD) also triggers LMP, leading to CTSB release and subsequent cell death. These findings clearly establish the critical role of MLKL polymerization induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (MPI-LMP) in the process of necroptosis....
membrane, and regulate the activity of mitochondrial complex I, complex III, and complex IV through Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and other signaling pathways, thereby affecting OXPHOS. When the ROS generation rate exceeds the clearance rate, excessive oxidation ...
(AT1) and downstream MAPKs. In addition to ACE2, other membrane receptors have been shown to interact with SARS-CoV-2 and trigger MAPK-mediated signalling; for example, spike protein activates p38 and ERK1/2 via the receptor CD147 in vivo [241] and in primary human cardiac pericytes [...
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with highly curved and prominent membrane structures. It is widely recognized as an antigenic marker of stem cells and cancer stem cells and is frequently used to is
In vitro expression systems are particularly suitable for the production of cytotoxic and membrane proteins [130,131]. Expressing cytotoxic proteins in vivo impacts cell viability, leading to increased lysis, stress, and low product titers. By contrast, membrane proteins are inherently hydrophobic and,...