The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability TheCell:TransportMechanismsandCellPermeability 1. Molecular motion: A and D 2. Velocity of molecular movement: B and C 4. Size of pores. Solubility in the lipid portion of the membrane and/or presence of membrane “carriers” for the substanc...
while the remaining cells either exit the GC or undergo apoptosis. This implies that the selection of the best LZ GC B cells to re-enter the DZ and leave as PCs is among the main regulatory processes to achieve the affinity maturation...
from the healthy state; in the case of healthy nondividing cells, both the radiation from and the EM sensitivity of the cells is lowest. Vacuum wavelengths of the generated EM waves fall into the region of millimeter waves due to the geometric and mechanical properties of cellular membrane....
Small cationic nanoparticles (5–10 nm65 or even larger66), however, can enter cells through direct membrane penetration. To probe the uptake mechanism, we measured the uptake efficiency in the presence of various inhibitory reagents (Fig. 6i)67. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (DOG)/sodium azide ...
inner membrane, lactic acid, miRNA, mitochondria, mitochondrial ATP synthase, osidative stress, Oxidative phosphorylation, PIM2, PIM2-dependent phosphorylation of PKM2, Posttranslational modifications, Pyruvate Kinase, Reactive oxygen species, serine, TCA cycle, TCA cycle intermediates, therapeutic targets,...
- Intrinsic (Integral) Proteins: These span the membrane and are involved in various functions like transport and signaling. - Extrinsic (Peripheral) Proteins: These are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the membrane and play roles in signaling and maintaining the cell's shape. 4...
(AT1) and downstream MAPKs. In addition to ACE2, other membrane receptors have been shown to interact with SARS-CoV-2 and trigger MAPK-mediated signalling; for example, spike protein activates p38 and ERK1/2 via the receptor CD147 in vivo [241] and in primary human cardiac pericytes [...
inside and outside of the cell; 2) the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions mediated by ion-selective channel proteins; and 3) the activity of electrogenic pumps (e.g., Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+ transport pumps) that maintain the ion concentration gradients across the membrane. ...
(Supplementary Fig.4d, f). Enrichment analysis of MΦe cluster markers highlighted various degranulation, endo-/phagocytosis, as well as iron and lipid transport and metabolism-related processes and indicated the production of and reaction to reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) (...
membrane, and regulate the activity of mitochondrial complex I, complex III, and complex IV through Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and other signaling pathways, thereby affecting OXPHOS. When the ROS generation rate exceeds the clearance rate, excessive oxidation ...