Causal Effects Versus Causal Mechanisms: Two Traditions With Different Requirements and Contributions Towards Causal Understandingdoi:10.1111/ele.70029Grace, James B.Huntington‐Klein, NickSchweiger, E. WilliamMartinez, MelindaOsland, Michael J.Feher, Laura C....
原则 2. 独立因果机制原则（Independent Causal Mechanisms Principle）[10]：每个变量在给定其原因的条件...
1994). Case study researchers have argued that both causal mechanisms, which are more easily addressed by case studies, and causal effects, which are best assessed through statistical means, are essential to the development of causal theories and causal explanations (George and Bennett 2001). ...
凭借深度神经网络的强表征学习能力,深度增益模型 (Deep Uplift Modeling, DUM) 在高维数据空间中较好地实现对于处理因果效应 (casual/treatment effects) 的建模和估计,通过网络架构的设计和先验约束,使得原样本的事实特征空间变换到反事实表征空间的时候尽可能保留对因果效应估计有用的信息。其架构模块包括学习目标 (Learn...
Causal mechanismsCausal historiesPragmaticsLand use changeReforestationBananasSaint LuciaCaribbeanMany philosophers and scientists now view the discovery of causal mechanisms as central to research and explanation. In this paper, we consider the relevance of this mechanistic approach to human ecology. The ...
Falleti TG, Lynch JF (2009) Context and causal mechanisms in political analysis. Comp Polit Stud 42(9):1143–1166Falleti, T. G., & Lynch, J. F. (2009). Context and causal mechanisms in political analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 42 (9), 1143–1166....
The class-specific effects are presented under c#1 and c#2. The effect of treatment is fixed to zero in the noncompliers class (c#1), whereas it is freely estimated in the compliers class (c#2). The means (intercepts) of the outcome, the effect of the covariate on the outcome and ...
Another factor that can lead to complications in MR studies is the presence of heterogeneous causal effects emerging due to distinct biological mechanisms: various subtypes of the exposure (e.g. subcutaneousvs. visceral adiposity) or different biological pathways through which the exposure impacts the ...
Causal mechanisms identified from the literature and considered most relevant to the case were confirmed in it, using an 'explaining outcomes' process tracing methodology. Perceived severity of the problem, institutional emulation, and institutional entrepreneurship all played an important role in the ...
Substance use behaviours (SUB) including smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee intake are associated with many health outcomes. However, whether the health effects of SUB are causal remains controversial, especially for alcohol consumption and coffee