Hence, by the definition, a signal that exists for positive as well as negative time is neither causal nor anti-causal, it is non-causal signal. The sine and cosine signals are examples of non-causal signal (see Figure-3).Important –All the anti-causal signals are non-causal signals but...
We then show that the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform of a causal system are related by integration relationship formulas called the Hilbert transform. Analytic signals are defined as having a zero FT at negative frequencies. This notion brings an efficient tool to study several...
For instance, one art masterpiece and its fraudulent copy, one translated document and its original version, or one pair of causally linked words in natural language, such as “virus” and “death”. 1. Causality 的基础概念 Principle 1(Principle of common cause). If two random variables X ...
Local learning rules for linear problems have recently derived, and result in a combination of feed-forward Hebbian learning and anti-Hebbian learning that mediates the competition between the encoding neurons44 in rate-based networks. How to extend these learning frameworks to spike-based networks ...
Metformin, a diabetes drug with anti-aging cellular responses, has complex actions that may alter dementia onset. Mixed results are emerging from prior observational studies. To address this complexity, we deploy a causal inference approach accounting for the competing risk of death in emulated clinic...
These results are consistent with prior observations that theta and alpha oscillations are often anti-correlated [42, 43, 47], and that functional connectivity between brain regions displays increased alpha coherence with suppressed neural activity and increased theta coherence with active processing [48...
This is not to say that prediction markets are a bad thing; just that we should be understanding them empirically—or, I should say,scientifically, combining empirics and theory, since neither alone will do the job—, not just blindly following pro- or anti-market ideology. As Rajiv says, ...
The pSNP dataset was adapted from the previous GWAS catalog and represents 187 GWAS loci.12 The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values for each trait were also calculated on the basis of phenotypic data from nine environments (Table S3). The association signals identified by BLUP and SI...
it is possible that none of the drugs are anticorrelated with the disease signature, thus preventing the user from identifying drug candidates. While our work identified particular drugs and drug targets in the context of COVID-19, our computational platform is applicable well beyond SARS-CoV-2,...
The non-specific deleterious effect in the animals’ perceptual tasks raises a potential concern that whether it may interfere with the more specific PSE shift effect, particularly for those “unexpected” cases when PSE shift was in the anti-preferred direction of the stimulated site. We think th...